Epoch TOPICS CONTEXTS PERSPECTIVES ACTIVITIES METHODS FIGURES HELP TIME LINE Acknowledgements ACTIVITY 3 Exploring persepctives ACTIVITY 1 Using the timeline ACTIVITY 2 Using the biographies ACTIVITY 5 Using the figures, methods, perspectives, topics and context icons ACTIVITY 4 Exploring Topics Ainsworth Allport Baddeley Baron-Cohen Asperger Asch Binet Bartlett Bilig Belbin Bowlby Bruce Buss Cattell Ceci Byrne Bruner Bryant Cohen Cosmides Chomsky Cooper Charcot Conway Damasio Darwin Costa Dawkins Csikszentmihalyi Crick Erikson Eysenck Ekman Descartes Ebbinghaus Dennet Frith Freud Anna Freud Sigmund Falschung Fodor Festinger Goffman Gibson Goodall Galton Goldberg Gathercole Gregory Humphrey James Heider Janet Goodman Kahneman Lazarus Jung Kanner Klein Kelly Mayo McCrae Luria Loftus Lorenz Maslow Neisser Norman Morton Milgram Milner Mead Potter Plomin Piaget Pinker Penfield Pavlov Tajfel Sperry Skinner Saywitz Spears Rogers Triesman Turner Tulving Tooby Taylor Thorndike Weiskrantz Vrij Aldert Warrington Watson Vygotsky Tversky Wundt Zimbardo Whiten Wetherell You can check your answers against ours You can check your answers against ours You can check your answers against ours You can check your answers against ours You can check your answers against ours

Map Node Icon: Vrij.JPG Vrij Aldert  url anchor

Views:  FIGURES, TIME LINE, Goffman

Reference Node Icon: Vrij.JPG  url anchor

Note Node Vrij, Aldert  url anchor

Reference Node Icon: red-16.png Attitude change url anchor

Attitude change. This can refer to attempts to change the ATTITUDES of others, or understanding how people's attitudes change with changing experiences. url anchor
Views:  TOPICS, Vrij Aldert

Reference Node Icon: red-16.png Deception url anchor

Deception. Psychologists have studied how a person's non-verbal behaviour can betray the fact that they are engaged in deceiving the person they are talking to. The human capacity for deception has been taken up by evolutionary psychologists, as part of our recent evolutionary development relates to the human capacity for interpersonal communication and the ability to 'read' the views and intentions of other people. The capacity to deceive implies an ability to overcome this faculty. url anchor
Views:  TOPICS, Ekman, Vrij Aldert , Whiten

Reference Node Icon: red-16.png Prejudice url anchor

Prejudice/ Racism. The word 'prejudice' basically means to 'pre-judge', and in this sense always refers to some kind of negative preconception held against a particular social grouping or person. The grouping may be based on religion, social class, geography, or many other factors. When the prejudice is based on 'race', it is termed racism. The concept of 'race' does not have any sound biological basis, and it must therefore be understood as a social category that is used to identify self and others. Many psychologists, from a variety of perspectives, have done research on prejudice and racism. Pre-judging, in a less negative sense, is an inevitable part of categorization in the course of everyday life. We tend to categorize stimuli and experiences on the basis of our pre-existing schemas. A schema is a mental structure containing knowledge relating to a particular kind of object. Schemas lead to schematic processing which is usually an efficient way of processing information based on pre-existing schemas. But schemas can also limit and sometimes distort what we perceive. Schematic processing leads to overgeneralizations which, in some social, cultural and personality contexts, can lead to prejudice. url anchor
Views:  TOPICS, Potter, Vrij Aldert

Note Node I am an associate editor of Legal and Criminological Psychology. url anchor

Note Node The other side of the coin might be that liars, when aware of the cues that lie detectors may be looking for, try to adjust their behaviour and speech content in such a way that they avoid showing these cues. url anchor

Note Node The consequences are often greater in real life situations than in laboratory studies, particularly in situations such as police interviews (where the positive and negative consequences of the lie are typically more severe). We therefore started to examine how liars behave in police interviews. This work is still in progress. If adults show signs of impression management when they lie (and we believe they do), how do young children behave? At what age do these signs start to occur? Our current work addresses this issue. url anchor

Note Node I was born in Rijswijk (the Netherlands) in 1960 and am a Professor of Applied Social Psychology at the University of Portsmouth (United Kingdom). My move to England in 1994 was motivated by better opportunities to conduct research. url anchor

Note Node These studies convincingly demonstrated that liars do not typically behave the way Caucasian observers expect them to behave. url anchor

Note Node This experimental research project revealed that Caucasian (Dutch) and non Caucasian people (Indonesians from Surinam) exhibit different behaviours in (simulated) police interviews. url anchor

Note Node This faulty interpretation of their behaviour (seen as suspicious instead of natural) might be a contributory factor to the increased likelihood for non Caucasian people to be arrested. url anchor

Note Node Written by: Aldert Vrij url anchor

Note Node That is, gaze aversion, stuttering and fidgeting are not reliable indicators of deception. Instead, liars tend to decrease their movements. url anchor

Note Node At present, we are investigating this aspect. url anchor

Note Node Having investigated which behaviours make a suspicious impression on Caucasian observers, the next question to address was how liars really behave. url anchor

Note Node For example, compared to Caucasian participants, non Caucasian participants showed more gaze aversio n, made more stutters and fidgeted more. url anchor

Note Node Sponsors of my research include the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Economic a nd Social Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust and the Dutch Ministry of Justice. url anchor

Note Node After finishing an MSc in Social Psychology (1986, Free University, Amsterdam), I was a research assistant for two years. url anchor

Note Node One explanation for this is a desire to avoid showing 'stereotypical deceptive behaviours', or 'impression management'. url anchor

Note Node We conducted experimental laboratory studies in which (mostly Caucasian) participants were requested to lie or tell the truth. We then analysed their behaviour and speech content. url anchor

Note Node My PhD thesis (1988 1991, Free University, Amsterdam) was entitled 'Misunderstandings Between the Police and Ethnic Minorities: Social Psychological Aspects of being a Suspect'. url anchor

Note Node Follow up experiments revealed that the behavioural patterns characteristic for Surinamese people made a suspicious impression on Caucasian police officers. url anchor

Note Node I have published 200 articles and book chapters and five books. I give seminars about deception to police officers in several countries, and have been recognised by criminal courts as an Expert Witness. url anchor

Note Node On the basis of laboratory studies it is difficult to predict how liars behave in real life situations. url anchor

Note Node Professional lie catchers look for certain behavioural cues and speech content characteristics when they try to detect deceit. url anchor

Top