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Psychoanalytic approaches provide both a psychological theory and a therapeutic method. There is a particular focus on the emotional conditions of early childhood, with many emotional problems in adult life seen as relating to unresolved developmenta...

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Psychiatry. The term psychiatry comes from the Greek words psyche, meaning mind or soul, and iatros, meaning doctor. Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the causes, diagnosis, classification and treatment of mental disorders. For exam...

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Developmental psychology focuses on how our psychological characteristics change and develop throughout life, from birth (or, indeed, conception) to old age. Developmental characteristics studied include personality, development of relationships wit...

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Biological psychology makes the undeniable point that psychological processes rest upon a biological substrate. Psychological phenomena occur within the context of our physical embodiment, so biological structures and processes clearly play a role in...

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Psychometrics involves the measurement and representation of psychological variables (such as intelligence, aptitude or personality type). It is heavily based on statistics and mathematical analysis. Measurement of individual differences is done usin...

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Experimental Social Psychology. A classic definition of experimental social psychology was given by Gordon Allport, as the perspective which 'attempts to understand and explain how the thought, feeling or behaviour of individuals are influenced by t...

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Linguistics can be basically understood as the study of language, looking at factors such as the social interactions it is based upon, the origins of language, and the structure of language. The capacity to develop the use of highly complex language...

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Neuropsychology. Theories relating mental processes to particular parts of the body go back to the Ancient Greeks – e.g. philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle located the mind in the heart, whereas Hippocrates located it in the brain. Modern ...

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Humanistic. Psychologists such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers developed humanistic psychology in the late 1950's as a 'third force' in reaction to the then prevailing disciplines of behaviourism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic psychology shared the...

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Sociology. Although the origins of sociology can be traced back to the nineteenth century with the work of pioneers such as Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Auguste Comte, it has been one of the more recent of the social sciences to establish itself as ...

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Social Constructionist. The basic idea underlying all social constructionist theories is that the ways in which we understand the world and the things we consider true are not just 'natural' ways of understanding reality, but are actively constructed...

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Cognitive psychology explores cognitive processes such as perception, problem solving, and memory, usually making use of behavioural data. Methodologically, cognitive psychology marked a clear break with behaviourism in once again making the mind a l...

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Behaviourism was a highly influential school of psychology founded by JB Watson in the early part of the twentieth century (though with earlier roots in the work of Thorndike and Pavlov). Its primary feature was a rejection of many methods used by ps...

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Anthropology. Literally, anthropology means 'the study of mankind'. It is usually divided into two quite distinct disciplines: Social (or cultural) anthropology: the study of the wide range of different cultures and social systems found across the pl...

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Occupational This discipline is sometimes also called industrial psychology, though it actually has a broader focus, in that it involves researching ways of enhancing the optimum functioning and well-being of people in work organizations of any kind....

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Philosophy as an academic discipline can be divided into a number of central topics, such as the origins and nature of human knowledge, language, logic, ethics, aesthetics etc..Many of these topics are of great importance to psychologists. Indeed, ma...

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